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Medically responsible pages on neurological, headache, vestibular, and cognitive conditions evaluated at Kathmandu Neurology Clinic & Cognitive Center. Each page includes overview, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, management, prevention, and when to seek care.
Authored for patient education • Reviewed by our specialist team • Not a substitute for individual medical advice.
By category
Migraine is a neurological condition characterized by recurrent headache episodes, often with nausea, sensitivity to light or sound, and sometimes aura.
Chronic headache refers to headache occurring on 15 or more days per month for more than three months.
Tension-type headache is a common primary headache, often described as pressure or tightness around the head.
Cluster headache causes severe unilateral pain with autonomic features, occurring in clusters of attacks.
Trigeminal neuralgia causes brief, severe facial pain in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve, often triggered by light touch.
Cervicogenic headache is referred pain from cervical spine structures, often worsened by neck posture, with overlap but distinct from migraine and tension-type headache.
Dementia involves progressive decline in memory, thinking, behavior, or function that interferes with daily life, with many underlying causes.
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, characterized by progressive memory and functional decline due to neurodegenerative changes.
Memory loss ranges from benign everyday lapses to progressive impairment from medical, neurological, or psychological contributors — not every lapse is dementia.
Epilepsy is a predisposition to unprovoked seizures due to abnormal synchronized neuronal activity.
Stroke is sudden loss of brain function due to interrupted blood flow; TIA is a transient episode with similar symptoms that resolves quickly.
A seizure is a transient event from abnormal synchronous brain activity. A single seizure does not equal epilepsy; causes include provoked and unprovoked mechanisms.
Sleep disruption and neurological disorders intersect — poor sleep worsens headache, seizures, cognition, and neuropathy, while conditions like REM behavior disorder may signal neurodegeneration.
Brain and nerve disorders include headache, epilepsy, stroke, neuropathy, movement and cognitive conditions — evaluation starts with history, exam, and judicious investigations.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune condition affecting the central nervous system, where the immune system attacks the protective myelin sheath covering nerves, disrupting communication between the brain and body.
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder where antibodies interfere with nerve-to-muscle communication, causing fluctuating weakness that worsens with activity.
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute autoimmune condition affecting the peripheral nerves, causing rapidly progressive weakness that typically starts in the legs and ascends upward.
Bell's palsy is an acute, usually unilateral paralysis of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), causing sudden weakness or drooping of one side of the face.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive movement disorder associated with dopaminergic system changes, causing tremor, slowness, stiffness, and balance issues.
Tremor is an involuntary rhythmic shaking, most often of hands, that can reflect essential tremor, Parkinsonian tremor, or other neurological causes.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) involves persistent, excessive worry about everyday matters that is difficult to control and may cause physical symptoms.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by intrusive, persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) that are time-consuming and cause significant distress.
Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks � sudden surges of intense fear or discomfort peaking within minutes � accompanied by persistent concern about future attacks.
Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) is characterized by marked fear or anxiety about social situations in which the individual may be scrutinized by others, leading to avoidance or endurance with intense distress.
Health anxiety is a persistent and excessive fear of having or developing a serious medical illness, despite normal medical evaluations and reassurance.
Health OCD involves obsessive focus on bodily sensations, automatic functions, or physical symptoms, accompanied by compulsive checking and reassurance-seeking behaviors.
Panic disorder involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks with persistent worry about future attacks and their consequences, often leading to avoidance and agoraphobia.
Social anxiety disorder is an intense, persistent fear of being watched, judged, embarrassed, or humiliated in social situations, leading to significant avoidance and distress.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by unwanted, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed to neutralize anxiety.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and a range of emotional and physical symptoms that impair daily functioning.
Bipolar disorder is a chronic mood condition characterized by alternating episodes of mania or hypomania and depression, causing significant disruption to daily life.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops after exposure to a traumatic event and is characterized by intrusive memories, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and hyperarousal.
Psychological trauma is the emotional and psychological response to deeply distressing or disturbing events that overwhelm an individual's ability to cope.
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic condition involving compulsive use of a substance despite harmful consequences, characterized by loss of control over use and continued use despite adverse effects.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that impair functioning or development.
Insomnia disorder involves persistent difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or early morning awakening with inability to return to sleep, causing significant distress or daytime impairment.
Relationship anxiety involves persistent doubts, fears, and insecurities about romantic relationships, including fears about a partner's feelings, relationship compatibility, or being abandoned.
Couples communication issues involve persistent patterns of misunderstanding, ineffective conflict resolution, and emotional disconnection that damage relationship quality and satisfaction.
Emotional regulation difficulties involve challenges in managing and responding to emotional experiences, leading to intense mood swings, impulsive behaviors, and interpersonal problems.
Burnout is a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion caused by prolonged and excessive stress, often related to work, caregiving, or life demands.
Low self-esteem is a persistent pattern of negative self-evaluation, self-doubt, and feelings of inadequacy that affects all areas of life including relationships, work, and well-being.
Confidence and assertiveness coaching helps individuals develop the skills to express themselves effectively, set boundaries, and pursue goals with self-assurance.
Workplace stress is the harmful physical and emotional response to job demands that exceed an individual's coping resources, affecting productivity, health, and well-being.
Academic stress is the mental and emotional strain resulting from educational demands, including exam pressure, performance expectations, and the challenges of student life.
Grief is a natural response to loss that can become complicated when it persists intensely, interfering with daily functioning and the ability to find meaning in life.
Anger management issues involve difficulty controlling angry reactions, leading to verbal or physical outbursts, damaged relationships, and negative consequences in work and personal life.
Body image concerns involve a negative perception of one's physical appearance that causes significant distress and can impact self-esteem, relationships, and daily functioning.
Emotional eating is the tendency to eat in response to emotional states such as stress, sadness, boredom, or anxiety rather than physical hunger, often leading to weight gain and guilt.
Prenatal anxiety is excessive worry and fear during pregnancy about the health of the baby, childbirth, parenting ability, and life changes that pregnancy brings.
Menopause mental health concerns refer to the significant mood changes, anxiety, and emotional challenges that can occur during perimenopause and menopause due to hormonal fluctuations and life transitions.
Perfectionism is a personality trait characterized by striving for flawlessness, setting excessively high standards, and being highly self-critical when those standards are not met.
Overthinking and rumination involve repetitive, excessive thinking about problems, past events, or worries that is unproductive, distressing, and interferes with daily functioning and decision-making.
Pornography-related psychological distress involves feelings of guilt, shame, anxiety, and loss of control associated with pornography use, often accompanied by compulsive viewing patterns.
Internet and social media overuse involves excessive, compulsive use of digital platforms that interferes with daily functioning, relationships, work, and mental health.
Complicated grief disorder is a persistent, intense form of grief that lasts longer than expected and significantly impairs daily functioning and the ability to find meaning in life.
Ankle sprain is an injury to the ligaments surrounding the ankle joint, most commonly involving the lateral ligaments, caused by rolling or twisting the ankle.
Knee pain can arise from injuries to ligaments, menisci, tendons, or cartilage, as well as degenerative conditions such as osteoarthritis, and can limit mobility and daily function.
Rotator cuff injury involves damage to the muscles and tendons that stabilize the shoulder, causing pain, weakness, and limited range of motion.
Carpal tunnel syndrome results from compression of the median nerve at the wrist, causing numbness, tingling, and pain in the hand and fingers.
Plantar fasciitis is inflammation of the plantar fascia, causing sharp heel pain especially with the first steps after rest.
Diabetic foot complications encompass neuropathy, ulceration, infection, and structural deformity in people with diabetes that can lead to serious outcomes if not managed early.
Heel pain has multiple causes including plantar fasciitis, fat pad atrophy, stress fractures, and nerve entrapment, requiring accurate diagnosis for effective management.
An ingrown toenail occurs when the edge of a toenail grows into the surrounding skin, causing pain, redness, swelling, and potential infection.
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal condition characterized by reduced bone density and deterioration of bone microarchitecture, increasing the risk of fractures.
Back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints, ranging from acute mechanical pain to chronic conditions affecting the spine, discs, and surrounding structures.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by symmetric inflammation of the joints, leading to pain, swelling, stiffness, and potential joint destruction if not treated early.
Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis caused by deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints, resulting in sudden, severe attacks of joint pain and swelling.
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and potential fusion of the vertebrae.
Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and cognitive difficulties, without evidence of tissue inflammation or damage.
Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic inflammatory arthritis that develops in some people with psoriasis, affecting joints, entheses, and the spine.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect virtually any organ system, including joints, skin, kidneys, blood, brain, and heart.
Vasculitis refers to a group of conditions characterized by inflammation of blood vessels, which can affect arteries, veins, and capillaries throughout the body.
Sjogren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder primarily affecting the moisture-producing glands, leading to dry eyes and dry mouth, with potential systemic involvement.
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Content on this website is for general educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. It is not a substitute for evaluation by a qualified healthcare professional. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified provider with any questions regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay seeking it because of something you have read on this website. In case of a medical emergency, contact emergency services immediately. No doctor–patient relationship is established by use of this site or by contacting the clinic through the site.