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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that impair functioning or development.
Quick Answer
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that impair functioning or development. Dr. Ruja Shrestha (NMC 19766, Experienced clinical practice in psychiatry and mental health) evaluates attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at Kathmandu Neurology Clinic & Cognitive Center, Durbar Marg, Opposite of Yak & Yeti Hotel, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal — evidence-based, medically reviewed.
ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, affecting approximately 5-7% of children and 2-3% of adults. It involves dysregulation of prefrontal cortex executive functions and dopaminergic/noradrenergic neurotransmission. ADHD is classified into three presentations: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined. It persists into adulthood in the majority of cases, with shifts toward more inattentive symptoms. Evidence-based management includes pharmacotherapy, behavioral interventions, and psychoeducation.
Clinical diagnosis based on DSM-5 or ICD-11 criteria: persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity present before age 12, in two or more settings, causing significant impairment. Assessment includes clinical interviews, collateral information from family or teachers, and validated rating scales (Conners, SNAP-IV, ASRS for adults). Differential diagnosis includes anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and learning disabilities. Neuropsychological testing may supplement clinical evaluation.
Stimulant medications (methylphenidate, amphetamine-based agents) are first-line pharmacotherapy with response rates of 70-80%. Non-stimulant medications (atomoxetine, guanfacine, clonidine) are alternatives. Behavioral interventions (parent training, classroom management, organizational skills training) are first-line for children under 6 and adjunctive for all ages. CBT for ADHD addresses executive function strategies. Psychoeducation about ADHD is essential for patients, families, and educators.
Management is individualized and discussed with benefits, limitations, and follow-up.
Prenatal care to reduce exposure to teratogens, early identification of ADHD symptoms in school-age children, and timely intervention to reduce academic and social impairments. Addressing comorbid conditions early improves long-term outcomes.
Yes. ADHD often persists into adulthood. Adult ADHD may present more with inattention than hyperactivity. Diagnostic criteria require symptom onset before age 12 and evidence of impairment in two or more settings.
When taken as prescribed for ADHD, stimulant medications do not increase the risk of substance use disorders. In fact, appropriate treatment of ADHD may reduce the risk of later substance use.
Yes � Dr. Jitendra Prasad Yadav (NMC 8029) provides ADHD assessment and treatment at Kathmandu Neurology Clinic & Cognitive Center.
ADHD involves persistent, pervasive patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that cause significant impairment across multiple settings. Normal childhood energy does not impair functioning or persist across settings.
ADHD is a chronic neurodevelopmental condition. While symptoms may change over time (hyperactivity often decreases, inattention persists), many individuals continue to benefit from treatment throughout life.
Comprehensive psychiatric evaluation for mood, anxiety, psychosis, and other mental health concerns, including medication assessment and long-term care planning.
Structured, evidence-based cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety, depression, insomnia, and related conditions.
Evaluation and management of generalized anxiety, panic disorder, social anxiety, and phobias.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) involves persistent, excessive worry about everyday matters that is difficult to control and may cause physical symptoms.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and a range of emotional and physical symptoms that impair daily functioning.
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic condition involving compulsive use of a substance despite harmful consequences, characterized by loss of control over use and continued use despite adverse effects.
Content on this website is for general educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. It is not a substitute for evaluation by a qualified healthcare professional. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified provider with any questions regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay seeking it because of something you have read on this website. In case of a medical emergency, contact emergency services immediately. No doctor–patient relationship is established by use of this site or by contacting the clinic through the site.
Reviewed by Dr. Jitendra Prasad Yadav • Last reviewed: 2026-09-04
Content is educational and aligns with standard medical references; individual evaluation may vary. External links provide context and do not imply endorsement.
Doctor — medically reviewed
Dr. Ruja Shrestha
Consultant Psychiatrist & CBT Therapist • MBBS, MD (Psychiatry) • NMC 19766
This condition guide was medically reviewed by Dr. Ruja Shrestha.
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